Optical instruments thin lens equation refractive power cameras the human eye combining lenses resolution. Components of optical instruments this presentation contains data from several books and open access internet sources. Ray optics and optical instruments important points. Nature has endowed the human eye retina with the sensitivity to detect electromagnetic waves within a small range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments.
For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate. Entirely updated to cover the latest technology, this second edition gives optical designers and optomechanical engineers a thorough understanding of the principal ways in which optical componentslenses, windows, filters, shells, domes, prisms, and mirrors of all sizesare mounted in optical instruments. This discussion includes the compound microscope, the refracting telescope, binoculars, various designs of reflecting telescope and finally the spectrometer. Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. In the manual ellipsometer configuration shown in fig. An optical instrument or optic for short is a device that either processes light waves or photons to enhance an image for viewing, or to analyze and determine their characteristic properties. The ability of eye lens to thicker or thinner so the image of the body precisely falls on the retina is called. Pot lens in cell, spin up about optical axis, make final cut on mechanical surfaces datum surfaces on subcells can be controlled to microns barrel bore and shim spacers can be controlled to micron levels subcells are stacked up in barrel like poker chips figure 4.
The optical comparators are used for getting accurate measurements. Characteristics of light light waves are electromagnetic waves, whose nature is transverse. The magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where the instrument is placed between the users eye and the object being viewed and upon the total distance between eye and object. Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612 suppose you point a pinhole camera at a 15m. Free pdf download of cbse physics multiple choice questions for class 12 with answers chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments. We provide 20 for you about different optical instrument and their functions page 1. Taking a different tack, bruker has tamed fluorescence by equipping its. These aberrations can cause objects to appear pear. There are no pure optical comparators but the instruments are classed as optical comparators to obtain large magnification by the use of optical principles through mechanical magnification in these instruments contribute quite a lot for the overall magnification. Surveying instruments are designed and constructed to provide years of reliable use. Use of an optical instruments, such as a magnifying lens or any complicated device like microscope or telescope usually makes things bigger and helps us to see in a more detailed manner. Although they are constructed for rugged field conditions, the mechanical components and electronics of precision instruments can be damaged by careless acts or inattention to the procedures for use, care and adjustment of the instruments. Optical components are often an essential part of the instrument, but are not always visible.
Reproducibility of retinal thickness measurements on normal and pathologic eyes by different optical coherence tomography instruments article in american journal of ophthalmology 1506. It can only be used for nonprofit education purposes. The fundamental resolution of an optical instrument is set by a. Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Instruments like photometers used to measure light intensity, polarimeter used to measure the rotation of polarized light and others are used to measure different characteristics of light waves. The incident ray, normal and reflected ray all lie in the same plane. Common examples include periscopes, microscopes, telescopes, and cameras. Two prisms, each reflecting the light twice by total internal reflection, are.
Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as xrays, microwaves, and radio waves. Shutter to allow the light to reach the film or photo cells. It is the branch of physics that deals with the study of light and the phenomena associated with it. Visible light is described as the electromagnetic wave in the sensitivity range of the human eye. Ray optics and optical instruments class 12 notes pdf download. Chapter 18 problem 37 page 612 suppose you point a pinhole. Class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 9 ray optics. Many optical instruments, especially those utilizing interference, can be affected by the surface having areas that are made from different materials 45,46.
Ray optics and optical instruments class 12 notes chapter. White light image of the graphene flake with afm tip and raman laser. Op,calinstrumentaon phenomenaprobed absorp,on luminescence emission scaering components 1. The role of optical instruments is very important and affects all areas of human activity, from scientific analysis such as spectrometry to recreation and leisure pursuits like photography and television. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. Graphene studied by various optical, afm and spectroscopy techniques. Mcas light and optics practice problems ap physics. With a converging lens, paraxial rays that are parallel to the principal. When a person with normal vision relaxes the cilliary muscles of the eye. Reproducibility and differences in area of foveal avascular zone measured by three different optical.
What optics are and different types, and how they work and form images. Students can solve ncert class 12 physics ray optics and optical instruments mcqs pdf with answers to know their preparation level. The distance between successive wave fronts is the wavelength. Physics 116 lecture 20 optical instruments nov 1, 2011.
Vision and optical instruments wright state university. Optical instruments are the devices which process light wave to enhance an image for more clear view. Pole surveying prism surveying corner cube retroreflector prismatic compass angle measurement ramsden surveying instruments. Physics mcqs for class 12 chapter wise with answers pdf download was prepared based on latest exam pattern. Electromagnetic radiation belonging to this region of the spectrum wavelength of about 400 nm to 750 nm is called light. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and. It states that for each and every object, there is an image. The resolution of optical instruments the minimum spot size to which a lens can focus light of wavelength.
Components of optical instruments instrumental analysis. Lenses are interchangeable for different magnification needs. Simple tools like magnifying lenses are also optical instruments. The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the users retina with and without the magnifying glass. If entrance and exit slit are of the same size image of entrance slit will fill exactly the exit slit when setting corresponds to the bandwidth is the span of the monochromator settings needed to move the image of the entrance. Different optical, afm and spectroscopy techniques provide. Thin lenses and optical instruments equipment 1 meter optical bench with 5 moveable mounts, lighted test object, 3 lens holders, screen, 2 short focal length double convex lenses l1, e1, 2 medium focal length double convex lenses l2 and l3, 1 long focal length double convex lens l4, 1 double concave lens l5.
Learn how image is formed in a compound microscope. Using physics, camera makers design lenses to minimize this effect, but depending on the focal length of the lens, and distance to your subject, this phenomenon can show up in any camera. Light in the frequency range of 41014 to 81014 hz is visible to the human eye. With a common accepted convention, it turns out that a single formula for spherical mirrors and a single formula for spherical lenses can handle all different cases. This new generation of optical instruments that returned stunning. This chapter discusses the basic optical instruments. Optical instruments optical instruments are the devices which process light wave to enhance an image for more clear view. The magnifying power or angular magnification of a visual instrument is defined as. A magnifier is a single lens that produces for visual observation an erect virtual image of a nearby object. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 9 ray optics and optical instruments light light is a form of energy eyes.
Ray optics or geometrical optics in this optics, the light is considered as a ray which travels in a straight line. We can put together systems of lenses, mirrors, prisms, polarizers, filters, beam splitters, and all the other optical components we have discussed, to make a variety of common optical instruments, using raytracing methods. In order to resolve two points, their angular separation must be greater than. Ray optics and optical instruments class 12 notes chapter 9 1. Pdf we discuss some of the details of the optical technology that was. Thin lenses and optical instruments equipment 1 meter optical bench with 5 moveable mounts, lighted test object, 3 lens holders, screen, 2 short focal length double convex lenses l1, e1, 2 medium focal length double convex lenses l2 and l3, 1 long focal length double convex lens l4, 1.
Physics study center now staffed by tas an hour later on. Photometry is a branch measurement of light energy. Physics mcqs for class 12 with answers chapter 9 ray. What are some examples of optical instruments and their. An optical lens is a sample of some transparent material, such as glass, that usually has spherical or cylindrical surfaces. When a light ray traveling from one medium to the other comes back to the same medium at the interface, then it is called reflection of light. Lenses lenses refract light in such a way that an image of the light source is formed. The angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection. It treats propagation of light in terms of rays and is valid only if the wavelength of light is much lesser than the. Here you can find the latest products in different kinds of different optical instrument and their functions. It is available as a free ebook at samples9781510607361. Color different focal points for different wavelengths.
Mounting of optical components university of arizona. Spherical aberration rays arriving at different distances from the lens axis have different focal points. Looking for different optical instrument and their functions. Ray optics and optical instruments class 12 notes pdf download laws of reflection.
Two common types of conditions require corrective lenses. The basic structure and theory of each type of instrument is discussed, as well as performance criteria, limitations, and caveats. Enclosed light tight chamber light detector film or photo cells lens combination to focus the image on the film or photo cells. The images below illustrates the use of various optical, afm and spectroscopy techniques to investigate grapnehe on sisio 2 substrates. New cartesian sign convention for spherical mirrors. Mounting optics in optical instruments press monograph. Mastering physics solutions chapter 27 optical instruments. As the optical diagram below shows, a scheiner disk in a light beam produces a doubled and blurred image outside the plane of focus, and thats easier to recognize than an image which is merely blurred. Different parts of a lens of a mirror do not refract or reflect the image to the same point, as shown in. Optical instrument an overview sciencedirect topics. They can also be result of an imperfection in the lens or other component and result in off axis point sources.